Structural Organisation IN Animals flash cards

1. 1.Define a tissue.

   A group of similar cells along with intercellular substances that perform a specific function.

   Hint: Similar cells + a common job

2. 2.Name the four basic types of animal tissues.

   Epithelial, connective, muscular and neural tissues.

   Hint: E, C, M, N

3. 3.On what basis are animal tissues classified into four types?

   On the basis of their structure and function.

   Hint: How they look + what they do

4. 4.What is the general function of epithelial tissue?

   It covers body surfaces, lines cavities and forms protective/absorptive/secretory coverings; also called epithelium.

   Hint: Covering and lining

5. 5.What is the characteristic feature of an epithelium regarding cell arrangement?

   Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix, resting on a basement membrane.

   Hint: Tightly packed, sits on a base

6. 6.What are the two main types of epithelial tissue?

   Simple epithelium (single layer) and compound epithelium (two or more layers).

   Hint: One layer vs many layers

7. 7.What is simple epithelium and where is it typically found?

   A single layer of cells functioning as a lining for body cavities, ducts and tubes.

   Hint: Single-layered lining

8. 8.Name the three types of simple epithelium based on cell shape.

   Squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.

   Hint: Flat, cube, column

9. 9.Describe squamous epithelium and give one location.

   Single layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries; forms walls of blood vessels and air sacs (alveoli) of lungs; involved in diffusion.

   Hint: Flat tiles; alveoli, blood vessels

10. 10.What is another name for simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels and heart?

    Endothelium (the squamous lining of the inner surface).

    Hint: Endo- lining vessels

11. 11.Describe cuboidal epithelium and give a function/location.

    Single layer of cube-like cells; found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons; helps in secretion and absorption.

    Hint: Cube cells; kidney tubules

12. 12.What is a brush border and where is it found?

    Microvilli on the free surface of cuboidal epithelial cells (e.g., in proximal convoluted tubule of nephron) increasing surface area for absorption.

    Hint: Microvilli border of PCT

13. 13.Describe columnar epithelium and give a location.

    Single layer of tall, column-like cells with nuclei at the base; lines the stomach and intestine; helps in secretion and absorption.

    Hint: Tall cells; gut lining

14. 14.What is ciliated epithelium and where is it found?

    Columnar or cuboidal cells bearing cilia on their free surface; found in bronchioles and Fallopian tubes; cilia move particles/mucus in a specific direction.

    Hint: Cilia sweep things along

15. 15.What are glandular epithelial cells and their two types?

    Columnar or cuboidal cells specialised for secretion; two types are unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) and multicellular (e.g., salivary glands).

    Hint: Secreting cells; goblet vs salivary

16. 16.Distinguish exocrine and endocrine glands.

    Exocrine glands secrete products (mucus, saliva, enzymes) through ducts; endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones directly into blood.

    Hint: Ducts vs ductless (hormones)

17. 17.What is compound epithelium?

    Epithelium made of two or more cell layers; has limited role in secretion/absorption and mainly provides protection against mechanical and chemical stresses.

    Hint: Many layers = protection

18. 18.Give two locations of compound epithelium.

    Dry surface of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary glands and pancreatic ducts.

    Hint: Skin, mouth lining

19. 19.QUESTION: A single layer of tall cells with basally placed nuclei lines the intestine. Name the epithelium and its role.

    Simple columnar epithelium; it functions in secretion and absorption.

    Hint: Tall gut cells

20. 20.What are the three types of cell junctions in epithelia?

    Tight junctions, adhering junctions and gap junctions.

    Hint: Seal, stitch, communicate

21. 21.What is the function of tight junctions?

    They stop substances from leaking across a tissue by sealing neighbouring cells together.

    Hint: Prevent leakage

22. 22.What is the function of adhering junctions?

    They cement neighbouring cells together to keep them in position (perform cementing).

    Hint: Glue cells in place

23. 23.What is the function of gap junctions?

    They facilitate communication between adjacent cells by connecting cytoplasm for rapid transfer of ions and small molecules.

    Hint: Cell-to-cell communication

24. 24.What is the most abundant tissue type in the body?

    Connective tissue.

    Hint: Most widespread

25. 25.What is the general function of connective tissue?

    To link and support other tissues/organs of the body.

    Hint: Connect and support

26. 26.Name the components in which connective tissue cells are embedded.

    An intercellular matrix (ground substance), which may be jelly-like, fluid, dense or rigid, with fibres.

    Hint: Cells in a matrix

27. 27.What are the three broad categories of connective tissue?

    Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialised connective tissue.

    Hint: Loose, dense, specialised

28. 28.Name the two types of loose connective tissue.

    Areolar tissue and adipose tissue.

    Hint: Areolar + fat

29. 29.Describe areolar tissue and its location.

    Loose connective tissue with fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells in a semi-fluid matrix; present beneath the skin; acts as a support framework for epithelium.

    Hint: Under skin, packing tissue

30. 30.What is adipose tissue and its function?

    Loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin; cells are specialised to store fats; excess nutrients are stored as fat.

    Hint: Fat-storing tissue

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