Reproductive Health flash cards

1. 1.Define reproductive health as per WHO.

   A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social well-being — not merely absence of reproductive disease or disorder.

   Hint: Not just absence of disease

2. 2.Which country was among the first in the world to initiate action plans and programmes at national level to attain total reproductive health?

   India — programmes under the name 'family planning' were initiated in 1951 and are periodically upgraded.

   Hint: 1951, 'family planning'

3. 3.What is the current comprehensive name for family planning programmes in India?

   Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes.

   Hint: RCH

4. 4.List the major goals/tasks of RCH programmes.

   Creating awareness about reproduction-related aspects and providing facilities and support for building a reproductively healthy society.

   Hint: Awareness + facilities

5. 5.Name important components used to spread awareness about reproductive health.

   Audio-visual and print media, governmental and non-governmental agencies, and sex education in schools.

   Hint: Media + education

6. 6.Why should sex education in schools be encouraged?

   To provide right information to young people and discourage myths and misconceptions about sex-related aspects.

   Hint: Right info, no myths

7. 7.Which topics should proper information cover in reproductive health education?

   Reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual practices, STIs, AIDS, etc.

   Hint: Adolescence to STIs

8. 8.How does awareness about reproductive health among people of reproductive age help?

   Educating on birth control options, care of pregnant mothers, post-natal care of mother and child, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for male and female children, etc.

   Hint: Mother & child care

9. 9.Name statistical indicators showing improved reproductive health of a society.

   Better awareness about sex-related matters, decreased maternal and infant mortality rates, reduced number of STIs, and increased use of contraceptives (better family planning).

   Hint: Lower MMR & IMR

10. 10.What supportive care and services are needed for a reproductively healthy society?

    Medical assistance and care to people in relation to pregnancy, delivery, STIs, birth control, medical termination of pregnancy, infertility, etc., through well-equipped health-care facilities.

    Hint: Health-care facilities

11. 11.How did improved detection/treatment of amniocentesis misuse and better prenatal care help?

    Legal ban on amniocentesis for sex-determination, improved medical facilities and better care of pregnant mothers help create a reproductively healthy society (assisted by statutory bans and awareness).

    Hint: Ban misuse, improve care

12. 12.QUESTION: Successful implementation of action plans in reproductive health requires what strong infrastructural support?

    Strong infrastructural facilities, professional expertise and material support are essential to provide medical assistance and care for reproductive health.

    Hint: Infrastructure + expertise

13. 13.What is population explosion?

    The rapid, explosive increase in the size of a population, e.g. the steep rise in human population globally and in India.

    Hint: Rapid rise in numbers

14. 14.What was the world human population around 1900 vs 2000?

    About 2 billion (2000 million) in 1900, which rocketed to about 6 billion by 2000 (and about 7.2 billion by 2011).

    Hint: 2 → 6 billion

15. 15.What was India's population at independence (1947) and by 2011?

    About 350 million at independence, reaching more than 1 billion (1000 million / 1.2 billion) by 2000/2011.

    Hint: 350 million → 1 billion+

16. 16.Name the main reasons for the alarming rise (population explosion) in human population.

    Rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), along with an increase in the number of people in the reproducible age.

    Hint: Fewer deaths, more of reproducible age

17. 17.Why did death rate, MMR and IMR decline, contributing to population growth?

    Better medical facilities and better living conditions increased survival, thereby lowering death rate, MMR and IMR.

    Hint: Better medicine & living

18. 18.What was India's population growth rate around 2000 that alarmed planners?

    A growth rate of about 1.7% (17/1000/year) meant the population could double in about 33 years.

    Hint: ~1.7%, doubles in 33 yrs

19. 19.Name statutory/social measures taken in India to check population growth.

    Raising the marriageable age and offering incentives to couples with small families, along with promoting contraception.

    Hint: Marriage age + incentives

20. 20.What is the legal marriageable age for females and males in India?

    18 years for females and 21 years for males.

    Hint: 18 (F), 21 (M)

21. 21.What slogans/motivational measures encouraged smaller families?

    Statutory raising of marriage age, incentives for small families, and awareness slogans like 'Hum Do Hamare Do' (we two, our two).

    Hint: 'Hum Do Hamare Do'

22. 22.What is the ideal characteristic of a good contraceptive method?

    User-friendly, easily available, effective and reversible with no or least side-effects; it should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or sexual act of the user.

    Hint: Effective, reversible, safe

23. 23.Broadly classify contraceptive methods.

    Natural/traditional, barrier, intra-uterine devices (IUDs), oral contraceptives (pills), injectables, implants and surgical methods.

    Hint: Natural, barrier, IUD, oral, surgical

24. 24.On what principle do natural/traditional contraceptive methods work?

    Avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting, so no fertilisation occurs.

    Hint: Prevent ovum-sperm meeting

25. 25.Explain the periodic abstinence method.

    Couples avoid or abstain from coitus from day 10 to day 17 of the menstrual cycle (the fertile period) when ovulation and fertilisation are most likely.

    Hint: Abstain days 10–17

26. 26.What is the withdrawal or coitus interruptus method?

    The male partner withdraws the penis from the vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.

    Hint: Withdraw before ejaculation

27. 27.What is the lactational amenorrhea (LAM) method?

    Absence of menstruation and ovulation during intense breast-feeding after childbirth; up to about 6 months (max) postpartum, no ovulation/menstrual cycle occurs, so chances of conception are almost nil.

    Hint: Breast-feeding, ~6 months

28. 28.What is the biggest advantage of natural methods?

    They have no side-effects; but chances of failure are high because control is difficult.

    Hint: No side-effects, high failure

29. 29.On what principle do barrier methods work?

    Ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting with the help of barriers.

    Hint: Physical barrier

30. 30.Give examples of barrier contraceptives for males and females.

    Condoms (for both), diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults (for females); the latter three are reusable.

    Hint: Condoms, diaphragm, cervical cap, vault

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