Locomotion AND Movement flash cards

1. 1.Define movement and locomotion. How are they related?

   Movement = any change in position of a body part. Locomotion = movement that results in change of place/location of the whole organism. All locomotions are movements, but all movements are NOT locomotions.

   Hint: Whole body vs body part

2. 2.Name the three main types of movement shown by cells of the human body.

   1) Amoeboid movement, 2) Ciliary movement, 3) Muscular movement.

   Hint: Amoeba, cilia, muscles

3. 3.What is amoeboid movement? Give examples of cells showing it.

   Movement by pseudopodia formed by streaming of protoplasm (involves cytoskeletal elements like microfilaments). Shown by macrophages and leucocytes (WBCs) in blood.

   Hint: Pseudopodia, like Amoeba

4. 4.What is ciliary movement and where does it occur in the human body?

   Movement brought about by cilia lining internal tubular organs. Occurs in trachea (moves dust/foreign particles out) and reproductive tract (female — passage of ova through fallopian tube).

   Hint: Cilia in trachea & oviduct

5. 5.Which type of movement is most evident in higher organisms and enables locomotion?

   Muscular movement — requires the coordinated activity of muscular, skeletal and neural systems.

   Hint: Needs muscles + bones + nerves

6. 6.QUESTION: Movement of ova through the fallopian tube is brought about by which type of movement? (a) Amoeboid (b) Ciliary (c) Muscular (d) Flagellar

   (b) Ciliary movement. Cilia lining the fallopian tube help pass the ovum.

   Hint: Cilia line the oviduct

7. 7.Give examples of locomotion serving different purposes in animals.

   Search of food, shelter, mate, breeding ground, favourable climate, escape from enemies/predators. E.g., birds migrate (favourable climate/breeding), animals move for food.

   Hint: Food, mate, escape, climate

8. 8.Name the three types of muscles based on location.

   1) Skeletal (attached to skeletal/bones), 2) Visceral (in inner walls of hollow visceral organs), 3) Cardiac (of the heart).

   Hint: Skeletal, visceral, cardiac

9. 9.What percentage of body weight is contributed by muscles, and how many muscles are in the human body?

   Muscles make up 40-50% of body weight in an adult human.

   Hint: Nearly half of body weight

10. 10.List the four special properties of muscle tissue.

    1) Excitability, 2) Contractility, 3) Extensibility, 4) Elasticity.

    Hint: E-C-E-E

11. 11.Describe skeletal muscle: appearance, control, and function.

    Striated (striped), voluntary (under our will), attached to skeletal bones. Primarily involved in locomotion and change of body postures. Fatigues quickly.

    Hint: Striated + voluntary + bones

12. 12.Describe visceral (smooth) muscle: appearance, control, location.

    Non-striated (smooth), involuntary, located in inner walls of hollow visceral organs (alimentary canal, reproductive tract, blood vessels). Helps in food transport, gametes transport. Does NOT fatigue quickly.

    Hint: Smooth + involuntary + hollow organs

13. 13.Why are smooth muscles called 'smooth'?

    Because they do NOT show striations (no light and dark bands) under the microscope — the cells appear spindle-shaped and smooth.

    Hint: No striations

14. 14.Describe cardiac muscle: appearance, control, special features.

    Striated but involuntary, present only in the heart. Cells branch and are joined by intercalated discs. Contract rhythmically without fatigue throughout life.

    Hint: Striated + involuntary + intercalated discs

15. 15.QUESTION: Which muscle type is striated but involuntary? (a) Skeletal (b) Smooth/visceral (c) Cardiac (d) All

    (c) Cardiac muscle — striated in appearance but involuntary in action, found only in the heart.

    Hint: Heart muscle

16. 16.What are intercalated discs and where are they found?

    Junctions where adjacent cardiac muscle cells are joined end to end; they allow rapid conduction of impulses (act as communication junctions), enabling synchronized contraction of the heart.

    Hint: Cardiac cell junctions

17. 17.What is the structural and functional unit of a myofibril?

    The sarcomere — the region between two successive Z lines (Z discs).

    Hint: Between two Z lines

18. 18.What is a muscle fibre (myofibre)? Describe its cell nature.

    Each muscle is made of muscle fibres (myofibres) bundled by fascia. Each fibre is lined by sarcolemma (plasma membrane), contains sarcoplasm and is multinucleated (syncytium) with sarcoplasmic reticulum (store of Ca2+).

    Hint: Multinucleate, sarcolemma covered

19. 19.What are myofilaments made of? Name the two.

    1) Actin (thin filament), 2) Myosin (thick filament). Both are polymerised proteins responsible for contraction.

    Hint: Thin actin, thick myosin

20. 20.Why does skeletal muscle show striations (light and dark bands)?

    Because actin (I band) and myosin (A band) filaments are arranged in a parallel, ordered pattern — the alternating arrangement creates alternate dark (A) and light (I) bands.

    Hint: Ordered A and I bands

21. 21.What is the A band (anisotropic band)?

    The dark band containing the thick myosin filaments (also overlaps with actin at ends). Actin filaments extend partly into it. Its length remains constant during contraction.

    Hint: A = dArk = myosin, Anisotropic

22. 22.What is the I band (isotropic band)?

    The light band containing only thin actin filaments. The Z line passes through its centre. It SHORTENS during muscle contraction.

    Hint: I = lIght = actin, Isotropic

23. 23.What is the Z line (Z disc)?

    An elastic fibre (protein) in the centre of each I band to which actin filaments are attached. The portion between two successive Z lines = one sarcomere.

    Hint: Anchors actin; defines sarcomere

24. 24.What is the H zone (H band)?

    The central part of the A band that has only myosin (thick filaments) and no overlap with actin. It NARROWS/disappears during contraction.

    Hint: Central A band, only myosin

25. 25.What is the M line?

    A line in the centre of the H zone (middle of the sarcomere) that holds the myosin filaments together.

    Hint: Middle, holds myosin

26. 26.QUESTION: During muscle contraction, which of the following does NOT change in length? (a) I band (b) H zone (c) A band (d) Sarcomere

    (c) A band — its length remains constant. The I band and H zone shorten, and the sarcomere shortens.

    Hint: Myosin length is fixed

27. 27.Describe the structure of an actin (thin) filament.

    Two F-actin (filamentous actin) strands helically wound. Each F-actin is a polymer of G-actin (globular) monomers. Two filaments of tropomyosin run along the F-actin, and troponin is distributed at intervals on the tropomyosin.

    Hint: F-actin + tropomyosin + troponin

28. 28.What is the role of troponin in the resting muscle?

    In the resting state, a subunit of troponin masks the active (myosin-binding) sites on actin, preventing cross-bridge formation.

    Hint: Masks active sites at rest

29. 29.Describe the structure of a myosin (thick) filament.

    A polymer of many monomeric proteins called meromyosins. Each meromyosin has a globular head with a short arm (Heavy MeroMyosin, HMM) projecting outward (cross-bridge) and a tail (Light MeroMyosin, LMM).

    Hint: Meromyosin, head = cross-bridge

30. 30.What is present on the head of myosin, and what is its significance?

    The globular head bears an ATPase enzyme and has an active binding site for actin. It uses ATP energy and forms the cross-bridge with actin during contraction.

    Hint: ATPase + actin-binding site

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