Plant Kingdom flash cards

1. 1.Which classification is based on only one or a few characters like habit or gross morphology?

   Artificial system of classification (e.g. Linnaeus's system based on stamens).

   Hint: One/few characters, gives equal weight to vegetative & sexual traits.

2. 2.Which classification system uses natural affinities and considers many characters including internal features?

   Natural system of classification (e.g. Bentham & Hooker).

   Hint: Anatomy, embryology, phytochemistry considered.

3. 3.On what basis does phylogenetic classification arrange plants?

   On evolutionary relationships — assuming organisms of the same taxa have a common ancestor.

   Hint: Based on evolution.

4. 4.What is numerical taxonomy?

   Classification based on all observable characters, each given equal weight, processed by computers using numbers and codes.

   Hint: Uses computers; hundreds of characters.

5. 5.What is cytotaxonomy?

   Classification based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour.

   Hint: Chromosome-based.

6. 6.What is chemotaxonomy?

   Classification based on chemical constituents of plants.

   Hint: Chemical compounds used.

7. 7.Name the classic pair of botanists associated with the natural system of classification of flowering plants.

   George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker.

   Hint: Their work: Genera Plantarum.

8. 8.What are the main groups covered under 'plant kingdom' in NCERT?

   Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

   Hint: Thallophytes → seed plants.

9. 9.What are algae?

   Chlorophyll-bearing, simple, thalloid, autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms.

   Hint: Thalloid autotrophs, mostly aquatic.

10. 10.Where are algae found besides water?

    In moist stones, soils, wood; some in association with fungi (lichens) and animals (e.g. on sloth).

    Hint: Not only aquatic.

11. 11.Name the three forms of sexual reproduction in algae based on gametes.

    Isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.

    Hint: Similar / dissimilar / large non-motile egg.

12. 12.Define isogamous reproduction in algae.

    Fusion of two gametes similar in size, which can be flagellated (motile) or non-flagellated.

    Hint: Similar-sized gametes; e.g. Ulothrix, Spirogyra.

13. 13.Define anisogamous reproduction with an example.

    Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size — e.g. in some species of Chlamydomonas.

    Hint: Unequal gametes.

14. 14.Define oogamous reproduction with examples.

    Fusion of a large non-motile female gamete with a smaller motile male gamete — e.g. Volvox, Fucus.

    Hint: Large egg + small motile sperm.

15. 15.How does asexual reproduction commonly occur in algae?

    By production of zoospores (flagellated spores) which germinate to form new plants.

    Hint: Motile spores.

16. 16.How does vegetative reproduction occur in algae?

    By fragmentation — each fragment develops into a thallus.

    Hint: Breaking into pieces.

17. 17.Name the three main classes of algae in NCERT.

    Chlorophyceae (green), Phaeophyceae (brown) and Rhodophyceae (red).

    Hint: Green, brown, red.

18. 18.What common name and colour is given to Chlorophyceae?

    Green algae, coloured green due to chlorophyll a and b.

    Hint: Grass-green colour.

19. 19.Which pigments dominate in Chlorophyceae?

    Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, localised in chloroplasts.

    Hint: a and b.

20. 20.What is the stored food in Chlorophyceae (green algae)?

    Starch.

    Hint: Same reserve as higher plants.

21. 21.What is the cell wall composition in green algae (Chlorophyceae)?

    Inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose.

    Hint: Cellulose + pectose.

22. 22.What is a pyrenoid and where is it found?

    A protein-and-starch storage body found in the chloroplasts of green algae.

    Hint: Stores food in green algae's chloroplast.

23. 23.Give common examples of Chlorophyceae.

    Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and Chara.

    Hint: Chara is stonewort.

24. 24.What common name and colour is given to Phaeophyceae?

    Brown algae, coloured olive-green to brown.

    Hint: Brown seaweeds.

25. 25.Which pigment gives Phaeophyceae their brown colour?

    Fucoxanthin (a xanthophyll), along with chlorophyll a and c.

    Hint: Fuco- = brown pigment.

26. 26.What is the stored food in Phaeophyceae (brown algae)?

    Complex carbohydrates — laminarin and mannitol.

    Hint: Laminarin & mannitol.

27. 27.Describe the cell wall of brown algae.

    Cellulose wall covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin.

    Hint: Cellulose + algin.

28. 28.What is the plant body organisation of Phaeophyceae?

    A holdfast, a stalk (stipe) and a leaf-like photosynthetic organ (frond).

    Hint: Holdfast, stipe, frond.

29. 29.What kind of gametes and flagella do Phaeophyceae have?

    Motile gametes with two unequal, laterally attached flagella.

    Hint: Two lateral, unequal flagella.

30. 30.Give examples of Phaeophyceae.

    Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.

    Hint: Kelps like Laminaria.

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