Morphology OF Flowering Plants flash cards

1. 1.What are the two main root systems in flowering plants?

   Tap root system (dicots) and fibrous root system (monocots). Adventitious roots arise from parts other than the radicle.

   Hint: Dicot vs monocot

2. 2.From which part of the embryo does the tap root develop?

   The tap root develops from the elongation of the radicle.

   Hint: Primary root origin

3. 3.Roots developing from parts of the plant other than the radicle are called what?

   Adventitious roots (e.g., in grass, Monstera, banyan tree).

   Hint: Not from radicle

4. 4.Name the four zones/regions of a typical young root from tip upward.

   Root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation.

   Hint: Cap → maturation

5. 5.What protects the tender apex of the root as it makes its way through the soil?

   The root cap, a thimble-like structure covering the root tip.

   Hint: Thimble-like

6. 6.From which region of the root do lateral roots and root hairs arise?

   From the region of maturation (root hairs are the unicellular part that absorbs water and minerals).

   Hint: Absorption zone

7. 7.What are the swollen tap roots called in carrot and turnip?

   Fusiform (carrot) — actually carrot/turnip are examples of modified tap roots for storage; carrot is conical, turnip is napiform, radish is fusiform.

   Hint: Storage tap roots

8. 8.Match the storage root shape: radish, carrot, turnip.

   Radish = fusiform; Carrot = conical; Turnip = napiform.

   Hint: Fusiform, conical, napiform

9. 9.What are the storage adventitious roots in sweet potato called?

   Tuberous roots (swollen adventitious roots for food storage), as in sweet potato.

   Hint: Sweet potato

10. 10.What is the fascicled tuberous root example in NCERT?

    Dahlia — tuberous roots occurring in clusters (fascicled) from the base of the stem.

    Hint: Clustered, Dahlia

11. 11.What are the hanging roots from banyan branches that provide support called?

    Prop roots (a type of supporting root) that grow down from branches into the soil.

    Hint: Banyan support

12. 12.What supporting roots arise from the lower nodes of the maize/sugarcane stem?

    Stilt roots — they come out of the lower nodes and give extra support.

    Hint: Maize, sugarcane nodes

13. 13.What are the special roots of mangroves (Rhizophora) that grow vertically upward for respiration?

    Pneumatophores — they come out of the ground and help get oxygen for respiration.

    Hint: Mangrove breathing roots

14. 14.In which plants are pneumatophores found and why?

    In swampy mangrove plants (e.g., Rhizophora) growing in oxygen-deficient marshy soil, for respiration/gaseous exchange.

    Hint: Marshy, low O2

15. 15.What is the ascending part of the axis bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits called?

    The stem — it develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed.

    Hint: From plumule

16. 16.How is a stem distinguished from a root at the structural level?

    Stem bears nodes and internodes; buds (terminal or axillary) are present; it is generally green when young.

    Hint: Nodes, internodes, buds

17. 17.What is a node and an internode?

    Node = region of the stem where leaves are borne; internode = portion between two nodes.

    Hint: Leaf-bearing point

18. 18.Name the underground stem modifications for storage.

    Rhizome (ginger, turmeric), tuber (potato), corm (Colocasia, Amorphophallus), bulb (onion, garlic).

    Hint: Rhizome/tuber/corm/bulb

19. 19.What proves the 'eyes' of a potato are stem, not root?

    The eyes are nodes bearing axillary buds; potato is a stem tuber (underground stem modification for storage).

    Hint: Eyes = buds/nodes

20. 20.Name the underground stem examples: ginger, potato, Colocasia, onion.

    Ginger = rhizome; Potato = tuber; Colocasia = corm; Onion = bulb.

    Hint: Four storage stems

21. 21.What are the underground stems that help plants perennate and vegetatively propagate?

    Rhizome, corm, bulb and tuber — they store food and tide over unfavourable conditions.

    Hint: Perennation + propagation

22. 22.What are stolons, runners and offsets?

    Subaerial stem modifications for vegetative propagation: runner (grass), stolon, offset (water hyacinth, Pistia), and sucker (Chrysanthemum).

    Hint: Weak-stem spreaders

23. 23.Give examples of runner, stolon, sucker and offset.

    Runner = grasses/Cynodon; Stolon = jasmine/mint; Sucker = Chrysanthemum/banana; Offset = Pistia/Eichhornia.

    Hint: Subaerial four

24. 24.What are stem tendrils and where do they arise?

    Slender, spirally coiled branches from axillary buds that help climbing; e.g., gourds (cucumber, pumpkin) and grapevines.

    Hint: Coiled climbers

25. 25.What are thorns and give examples?

    Thorns are woody, straight, pointed axillary bud modifications that protect from browsing animals; e.g., Citrus and Bougainvillea.

    Hint: Citrus, Bougainvillea

26. 26.In which plants does the flattened green stem take over photosynthesis, and what is it called?

    Phylloclade — flattened/cylindrical green photosynthetic stem in xerophytes like Opuntia (flattened) and Euphorbia (cylindrical).

    Hint: Opuntia green stem

27. 27.What is a cladode?

    A phylloclade of one or two internodes only (limited growth), as in Asparagus and Ruscus.

    Hint: 1–2 internode phylloclade

28. 28.QUESTION: A green flattened structure in Opuntia performs photosynthesis. Is it a leaf or a stem, and what is it called?

    It is a modified STEM called a phylloclade. The leaves are modified into spines; the flattened green stem does photosynthesis and stores water.

    Hint: Not a leaf

29. 29.What is a leaf and from where does it develop?

    A leaf is a lateral, generally flattened dorsiventral outgrowth of the stem, borne at a node and bearing an axillary bud; it develops from the shoot apical meristem.

    Hint: Node outgrowth

30. 30.Name the three main parts of a typical leaf.

    Leaf base (with axillary bud), petiole, and lamina (leaf blade).

    Hint: Base, petiole, lamina

Open the interactive deck for the other 83 cards, with self-grading so the ones you keep missing come back.